IMPACT OF FOLIAR-APPLIED DORMANCY-BREAKING AGENTS ON FLOWERING BEHAVIOR, YIELD, FRUIT QUALITY, AND SOME CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF “EIN SHAMER” APPLE TREES

Objective: This investigation was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017 to investigate the effect of Dormex, mineral oil, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and thiourea on bud break, growth, yield, and some chemical constituents of “Ein Shamer” apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) variety. Methods: The trees were grown in loamy sand soil, and sprayed with six treatments (Dormex (4%), mineral oil (5%), potassium nitrate (8%), calcium nitrate (8%), and thiourea (2%) and control. Results: In general, it was found that all studied growth parameters, date of flower bud break, percentage of bud break, fruit-setting, fruit weight, fruit size, fruit number/tree, yield/tree (kg), and some chemical constituents of leaves (total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, total protein, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium contents) and some chemical constituents of fruits total soluble solids (T.S.S.), T.S.S./acid ratio, Vitamin C, water content %, total free amino acids, total carbohydrates, total sugars, and reducing sugars) were increased with the application of the different treatments. Conclusion: The best results were obtained from the treatment of Dormex at 4% and mineral oil (5%). On the contrary, the same treatment decreased total acidity and total phenols in fruits as compared to the control. It could be recommended to use Dormex at 4% and mineral oil (5%) for improving bud break, growth, yield, and chemical constituents of apple trees or fruits

Scopolamine reduces the density of M1 muscarinic neurons in rats' hippocampus

Cholinergic system in CNS is involved in learning and memory. Scopolamine as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist is used for creation of memory impairment. The purpose of this study is evaluation of scopolamine-based amnesia on memory retention and the effect of this phenomenon on the number of neurons contains M1-receptors in the male Wistar rats hippocampal regions. Thirty-five male Wistar rats (200±20 g) were distributed randomly into five groups. Control group (intact samples) and 3 experimental groups with sham group (saline) were tested by the method of passive avoidance (shuttle box) in doses of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg (intraperitoneally) as a single dose. After one week, memory test was taken from the rats. Finally, brains dissected from sacrificed rats, and then processed tissues were stained with antibody against M1 receptors (Immunohistochemistry technique) followed by counting of hippocampal CA1, CA3 and DG regions. Our results showed significant decrease in neurons contains M1-receptors in all area of hippocampus. We found that the less number of M1-neurons showed in 1 mg/kg dose of scopolamine. We concluded that scopolamine as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist can reduce dose-dependently the density of M1-neurons in all areas of hippocampus

Time-resolved charge detection in graphene quantum dots

We present real-time detection measurements of electron tunneling in a graphene quantum dot. By counting single electron charging events on the dot, the tunneling process in a graphene constriction and the role of localized states are studied in detail. In the regime of low charge detector bias we see only a single time-dependent process in the tunneling rate which can be modeled using a Fermi-broadened energy distribution of the carriers in the lead. We find a non-monotonic gate dependence of the tunneling coupling attributed to the formation of localized states in the constriction. Increasing the detector bias above 2 mV results in an increase of the dot-lead transition rate related to back-action of the charge detector current on the dot.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Serum levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxin and thyrotropin in the patients with major depressive, in comparison with normal patients

زمینه و هدف: افسردگی شایع‌ترین اختلال روان‌پزشکی است که اخیراً ارتباط آن با بعضی از هورمون ها مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین سطوح سرمی تری یدوتیرونین (T3)، تیروکسین (T4) و هورمون محرکۀ تیروئید یا تیروتروپین (TSH) در بیماران مبتلا به افسردگی اساسی و مقایسه آن با افراد بالغ سالم در همدان صورت گرفت. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مورد- شاهدی 32 بیمار با تشخیص اختلال افسردگی اساسی (بر اساس آزمون افسردگی بک) مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان روانپزشکی همدان و 32 بالغ سالم که از نظر سن و جنس با گروه افسرده همسان سازی شده بودند به روش در دسترس انتخاب شدند. سطوح سرمی تری یدوتیرونین، تیروکسیین و هورمون محرکه تیروئید در هر دو گروه اندازه گیری شد. داده ها با کمک آزمون های آماری کای دو، t مستقل، تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و رگرسیون لجستیک تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: متوسط سطوح سرمی T4 و TSH در افراد افسرده نسبت به سالم به طور معنی‌داری بالاتر بود (01/0P=). در حالی که متوسط سطح سرمی T3 این دو گروه تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت )08/0 P=.). در مقایسه افراد مبتلا به افسردگی بالینی (نمره بالای 21 آزمون بک) و غیر افسرده بالینی (نمره زیر 21 آزمون بک) فقط در سطح سرمی TSH افزایش معنی‌داری وجود داشت (001/0P=). بر اساس آزمون رگرسیون لوجستیک افزایش 1 واحد در سطح سرمی T4 و TSH به ترتیب شانس ابتلا به افسردگی را 3/1 و 7/1 برابر و شانس ابتلا به افسردگی بالینی را به ترتیب 2/1 و 09/2 برابر افزایش می‌دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج، میانگین سطوح سرمی T4 و TSH در افسردگی اساسی نسبت به گروه شاهد بالاتر بودند. با سنجش این دو هورمون در سرم ممکن است بتوان بروز افسردگی را در فرد پیش‌بینی نمود